Wahi mālama mālama ʻo Ngorongoro

Wahi Mālama ʻo Ngorongoro (Unesco World Heritage Site)

Size: 8,292 sq km (3201 sq mile)
hoʻokumu: 1959
Ka mamao mai Arusha: 180 km (110 mile)

Description:

Ua hoʻolaha kūkala ʻia ʻo Ngorongoro Conservation Area he UNESCO World Heritage Site i ka makahiki 1979. Aia ka wahi i nā ʻano ʻāina like ʻole a me nā ululāʻau mauna paʻa, nā ululāʻau, nā mauʻu, nā loko, a me nā puʻu. ʻO kekahi o nā wahi archeological koʻikoʻi ma ka honua, e like me Oldupai Gorge a me Laetoli hiki ke loaʻa ma ka Ngorongoro Conservation Area. Ua loaʻa i nā archeologists nā hōʻike e hōʻike ana ua noho ʻia ia wahi e nā hominid ma mua o 3 miliona mau makahiki i hala a no laila ke ʻōlelo nei ʻo ia ka wahi hānau o ke kanaka.

A laila ʻoiaʻiʻo aia ʻo Ngorongoro Crater, ʻo ka lua nui loa i haki ʻole ʻia, hana ʻole a hoʻopiha ʻole ʻia i ka honua. Me ke anawaena o kahi o 19 km (12 mile) a me kona mau paia nani e pi'i ana ma luna o 610 m (2000 kapuai), uhi ka lua pele i kahi o 260 sq km (100 sq mile). ʻOi aku ma mua o 30,000 mau holoholona me ka rhino ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele i kapa ʻia kēia wahi kūʻokoʻa i ko lākou home. I kēia mau lā, ʻoi aku ka nui o 40,000 mau Masais e noho ana ma ka ʻāina e hana ana i ka Ngorongoro Conservation Area kekahi o nā wahi liʻiliʻi ma Tanzania kahi e ʻae ʻia ai ka noho ʻana o ke kanaka i loko o kahi wahi mālama holoholona. Hoʻokaʻawale ka mālama ʻana i kahi palena me ka Serengeti National Park a pono kekahi e holo i ka mālama ʻana i hiki ai i ka Serengeti.

o ka Naauao.

Uhi ʻia ka papahele lua e nā ʻano ʻāina like ʻole mai nā ululāʻau mauna a me nā ululāʻau a hiki i nā mauʻu, nā loko, a me nā puʻu. Aia nā kumu wai i nā muliwai nui ʻelua, ʻo Munge River ma ke komohana a me Lerai River ma ka hikina a me ka pūnāwai ʻo Ngokitok e kahe ana i loko o kahi puʻu.

Nui ka poʻe ʻuʻuku ma luna o ka papahele lua me nā zebra, wildebeests, elands, Grant's and Thompson's gazelles ka ʻano i ʻike pinepine ʻia. Akā ʻo ka lua ka home no nā "lima nui" a ʻike pinepine ʻia nā elepani, nā liona, a me nā bufalo. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia nā leopards no ka mea makemake lākou e noho i loko o ka ululāʻau ma ka ʻaoʻao lua. Hiki ke loaʻa ka rhino ʻeleʻele kokoke pau loa i loko o ka pahu a ʻaʻole kakaikahi ka ʻike ʻana. ʻIke pinepine ʻia nā ʻīlio hae i nā hyena, a ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā cheetahs ke ʻike.

Akā ʻaʻole ʻo nā mammals wale nō e noho ana ma ka mālama ʻana a ʻike ʻia ka nui o nā flamingo liʻiliʻi ma Lake Magadi, kahi loko alkaline nui. ʻO nā manu maʻamau ʻē aʻe he ostriches, kori bustards, crown cranes, vultures backed backed, black lupe, pipi egrets, tawny aeto, augur buzzards, a me nā mea he nui aku.

ʻO ka hele wāwae ʻana ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka lua o Ngorongoro i hele pū ʻia me kahi mākaʻi kaua e lawe i nā malihini ma ke ala i hana ʻia e nā holoholona, ​​​​e hele i nā lāʻau i uhi ʻia i ka limu a me nā Masai bomas, e hāʻawi ana i nā hiʻohiʻona nani o ka lua ma lalo.

ʻO ka ʻĀpana Hoʻomalu ʻo Ngorongoro he ākea ākea o nā pāpū kiʻekiʻe, savanna, nā ululāʻau savanna, a me nā ululāʻau. Hoʻokumu ʻia i ka makahiki 1959 ma ke ʻano he nui o nā wahi hoʻohana ʻāina, me nā holoholona hihiu e noho pū ana me nā kahu hānai semi-nomadic Maasai e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ana i ka ʻai holoholona kuʻuna, ʻo ia ka Ngorongoro Crater, ka lua nui loa o ka honua. He koʻikoʻi ka waiwai o ka honua no ka mālama ʻana i nā mea olaola ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻano mea hoʻoweliweli honua, ka nui o nā holoholona hihiu e noho ana ma ia wahi, a me ka neʻe ʻana o ka wildebeest, zebra, gazelles, a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe i ka pāpū ʻākau. Ua hāʻawi mai ka noiʻi archaeological nui i kahi ʻano lōʻihi o nā hōʻike o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke kanaka a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana o ke kanaka-environment, e komo pū ana me nā wāwae hominid mua e pili ana i 3.6 miliona mau makahiki.

Hoʻohui pōkole

ʻO ka ʻāpana mālama mālama ʻo Ngorongoro (809,440 ha) he ākea ākea o nā pāpū kiʻekiʻe, savanna, nā ulu lāʻau savanna, a me nā ululāʻau mai nā pāpū o ka Serengeti National Park ma ke komohana komohana a i ka lima hikina o ke awāwa ʻo Great Rift Valley. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻāina i ka makahiki 1959 ma ke ʻano he ʻāina hoʻohana ʻāina, me nā holoholona hihiu e noho pū ana me nā kahu hānai semi-nomadic Maasai e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ana i ka ʻai holoholona. Aia i loko o ka lua ʻo Ngorongoro Crater, ka caldera nui loa o ka honua, a me Olduvai Gorge, he awāwa hohonu 14km ka lōʻihi. He koʻikoʻi ka waiwai o ka honua no ka mālama ʻana i nā mea olaola i hāʻawi ʻia i ka noho ʻana o nā ʻano ʻano hoʻoweliweli honua e like me ka Rhino ʻeleʻele, ka nui o nā holoholona hihiu e noho ana ma ka lua o Ngorongoro a me nā wahi e puni ana i ka makahiki, a me ka neʻe ʻana o ka wildebeest, zebra, Thompson's and Grant's gazelles a nā ʻūlū ʻē aʻe i ka pāpū ʻākau.

Ua mālama ʻia ka wahi i ka noiʻi archaeological nui no nā makahiki he 80. Ua loaʻa iā ia kahi ʻano lōʻihi o nā hōʻike o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke kanaka a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana o ke kanaka-kaiapuni, e hoʻonui pū ʻia ana ma kahi o ʻehā miliona mau makahiki a hiki i ka wā kahiko. Aia kēia hōʻike i nā kapuaʻi fossilized ma Laetoli, pili i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka bipedalism kanaka, kahi ʻano o nā ʻano hominin e ulu nei i loko o Olduvai awāwa, mai Australopiths e like me Zinjanthropus boisei a hiki i ka moʻokūʻauhau Homo e komo pū ana me Homo habilis, Homo erectus, a me Homo. sapiens; he ano mua o Homo sapiens ma Lake Ndutu; a, i loko o ka lua o Ngorongoro, koe i palapala i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻenehana pōhaku a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hao. ʻIke ʻia ka ʻāina holoʻokoʻa o ia wahi i ka hiki ke hōʻike i nā hōʻike hou aʻe e pili ana i ka piʻi ʻana o nā kānaka anatomical hou, nā ʻano o kēia wā, a me ka kaiaola kanaka.

Koho (iv): Ua hāʻawi mai ʻo Ngorongoro Conservation Area i kahi kaʻina lōʻihi loa o nā hōʻike koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka hoʻomohala kanaka a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana o ke kaiapuni kanaka, hui pū ʻia mai ʻehā miliona mau makahiki aku nei a hiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kēia au, me nā hōʻike kino o nā pae koʻikoʻi i ka ulu ʻana o ke kanaka. ʻOiai hiki ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia ka wehewehe ʻana o ka nui o nā hui o Olduvai Gorge, kupaianaha ko lākou nui a me ka nui. ʻO kekahi o nā ʻano mōʻalihaku o ka moʻokūʻauhau hominin mai kēia pūnaewele mai. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka noiʻi e hiki mai ana i ka waiwai e hōʻike i nā hōʻike hou aʻe e pili ana i ka piʻi ʻana o nā kānaka anatomical hou, nā ʻano o kēia wā, a me ka ʻekaola kanaka.

Kūlana (vii): ʻO ka ʻāina kupanaha o ka lua o Ngorongoro, i hui pū ʻia me kāna ʻano ʻano nui o nā holoholona hihiu, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea kupanaha maoli o ka honua. ʻO nā helu wildebeest kupaianaha (ʻoi aku ma mua o 1 miliona mau holoholona) e hele i ka waiwai ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka neʻe ʻana o ka wildebeest i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma waena o ka kaiaola Serengeti a hānai i nā pāpū mauʻu pōkole e pili ana i ka palena ʻo Ngorongoro Conservation Area/Serengeti National Park. He hanana kūlohelohe maoli kēia.

Koho (viii): ʻO ka lua pele ʻo Ngorongoro ka puʻupuʻu haʻi ʻole nui loa ma ka honua. ʻO ka lua pele a me nā lua Olmoti a me Empakaai kekahi ʻāpana o ke awāwa ʻo Rift hikina, nona ka lua pele i hoʻi mai i ka hopena o Mesozoic / mau Tertiary mua a kaulana no kona ʻano honua. Aia i loko o ka waiwai ʻo Laetoli a me Olduvai Gorge, aia kahi moʻolelo palaeontological koʻikoʻi o ka ulu ʻana o ke kanaka.

Helu (ix): ʻO nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o ke aniau, nā ʻano ʻāina, a me ke kiʻekiʻe ua hopena i kekahi mau kaiaola kaiapuni a me nā wahi noho kūʻokoʻa, me nā pāpū mauʻu pōkole, nā ululāʻau kiʻekiʻe, nā ululāʻau savanna, nā pāpū mauʻu lōʻihi, a me nā ʻāina ākea ākea. He ʻāpana ka waiwai o ka kaiaola Serengeti, kekahi o nā kaiaola ola hope loa o ka honua e hoʻopaʻa nei i nā neʻe holoholona nui a kupaianaha.

Koho (x): Wahi mālama mālama ʻo Ngorongoro He home ia no ka heluna kanaka o 25,000 mau holoholona nui, ka hapa nui o na ungulates, ma ka aoao o ka nui loa o na holoholona predators mammalian ma Aferika, me ka heluna kanaka nui loa o na liona (i manaoia 68 i ka makahiki 1987). Aia ka waiwai i ka nui o nā ʻano ʻano pōʻino, e like me ka Rhino ʻEleʻele, nā ʻīlio hahai holoholona, ​​nā pōpoki gula, a me nā ʻano manu he 500. Kākoʻo ia i kekahi o ka neʻe ʻana o nā holoholona nui loa ma ka honua, ʻoi aku ma mua o 1 miliona wildebeest, 72,000 zebras, a me c.350,000 Thompson a me Grant gazelles.

ano hoopono

Ua kākau ʻia ka waiwai ma lalo o nā kuʻuna kūlohelohe (vii), (viii), (ix), a me (x) i ka makahiki 1979 a ma lalo o nā pae moʻomeheu (iv) i ka makahiki 2010. No laila, hōʻike ka ʻōlelo o ka pololei i ka pono no nā waiwai kūlohelohe i ka lā o i kākau ʻia i ka makahiki 1979 a no nā waiwai moʻomeheu i ka makahiki 2010.

E pili ana i nā waiwai kūlohelohe, kākoʻo nā mauʻu a me nā ululāʻau o ka waiwai i nā heluna holoholona nui loa, ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka mahi ʻana i ka manawa i kākau ʻia. ʻAʻole i hoʻopilikia ʻia nā ʻāina ākea o ka waiwai e ka hoʻomohala ʻana a i ʻole ka mahiʻai mau i ka wā i kākau ʻia ai. Hoʻonui ʻia ka pono o ka waiwai ma o ka lilo ʻana i ʻāpana o ka kaiaola Serengeti-Mara. Pili ka waiwai Pāka Aupuni ʻo Serengeti (1,476,300 ha), i komo pū ʻia ma ka Papa Hoʻoilina o ka Honua ma ke ʻano he waiwai kūlohelohe. ʻO ka pilina ma loko a ma waena o kēia mau waiwai a me nā ʻāina e pili ana, ma o ka hana ʻana i nā alahele holoholona hihiu, he mea nui ia e pale i ka pono o ka neʻe ʻana o nā holoholona. ʻAʻole ʻae ʻia ka hopu holoholona ma ka ʻĀina Hoʻomalu ʻo Ngorongoro (NCA), akā ʻo ka ʻaihue holoholona he mea hoʻoweliweli hoʻomau, e koi ana i ka mākaʻikaʻi kūpono a me ka hiki ke hoʻokō. ʻO nā ʻano invasive kahi kumu o ka hopohopo mau, e koi ana i ka nānā mau ʻana a me ka hana kūpono inā ʻike ʻia. He mea hopohopo hoʻi ke kaomi o ka mākaʻikaʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hopena o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ke kipa ʻana, nā ʻōnaehana hou, nā kaʻa, ka hoʻokele ʻōpala, ka haunaele i ka holoholona hihiu, a me ka hiki ke hoʻokomo i nā ʻano mea hoʻomake.

Hāʻawi ka waiwai i ka ʻāina hānai no nā kahu hānai semi-nomadic Maasai. I ka manawa i kākau ʻia ai, ua manaʻo ʻia he 20,000 Maasai e noho ana ma ka waiwai, me kahi 275,000 poʻo o nā holoholona, ​​​​i manaʻo ʻia i loko o ka hiki o ka mālama. ʻAʻole ʻae ʻia ka mahiʻai paʻa ma ka ʻāina. ʻO ka ulu hou aʻe o ka heluna kanaka Maasai a me ka nui o nā pipi e noho i loko o ka hiki o ka waiwai, a ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka sedentarization, ka ʻai nui ʻana o ka ʻāina, a me ka ʻai ʻana i ka mahiʻai e hoʻoweliweli i ka waiwai kūlohelohe a me ka moʻomeheu. ʻAʻohe kamaʻāina ma Ngorongoro a Empaakai Craters a i ʻole ka nahele i ka manawa i kākau ʻia i ka makahiki 1979.

Hoʻopili ka waiwai i nā koena archaeological i ʻike ʻia a me nā wahi kiʻekiʻe archaeo-anthropological kahi e loaʻa ai nā mea pili. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka kūpaʻa o nā ʻano paleo-archaeological kikoʻī a me ka ʻāina koʻikoʻi holoʻokoʻa, ma lalo o ka hoʻoweliweli a no laila ua nāwaliwali ma muli o ka nele o ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā hoʻonohonoho palekana e pili ana i nā aupuni hānai a me ke komo ʻana i manaʻo ʻia a me nā hanana pili i nā mākaʻikaʻi ma Laetoli. and Olduvai Gorge.

Authenticity

Ma keʻano laulā, ʻaʻole kānalua ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o nā wahi mōʻalihaku; akā naʻe, ma muli o ke ʻano o nā wahi mōʻalihaku, pono e hoʻopilikia ʻole ʻia ka pōʻaiapili o nā waihona mōʻalihaku (koe naʻe nā kaʻina hana honua maoli). No ka mea, ʻaʻole lawa ka ʻike kikoʻī o ka palapala koho i ka hapa nui o nā pūnaewele e wehewehe i ko lākou mau wahi ākea a i ʻole nā ​​​​wahi o ka archaeological sensitivity a i ʻole nā ​​​​hōʻoia kūpono e pili ana i nā hoʻonohonoho hoʻokele e hōʻoia i ka noho ʻole ʻana o nā pūnaewele a ʻaʻole hoʻoweliweli ʻia e ka poʻe malihini kipa, kūkulu. a i ʻole nā ​​bipi hānai, palupalu ko lākou ʻoiaʻiʻo.

Nā koi palekana a me ka hoʻokele

ʻO ka Ordinance Area Conservation Ngorongoro o 1959 ke kānāwai mua e pale ana i ka waiwai. Mālama ʻia ka waiwai e ka Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority (NCAA). Na ka Division of Antiquities ke kuleana no ka mālama ʻana a me ka pale ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai paleo-anthropological i loko o ka ʻĀina Hoʻomalu ʻo Ngorongoro. Pono e hoʻokumu a mālama ʻia kahi memo o ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i mea e hoʻokō ai i ka pilina ma waena o nā hui ʻelua.

Alakaʻi ʻia ka hoʻokele waiwai e kahi Hoʻolālā Hoʻokele Nui. I kēia manawa, ʻo nā pahuhopu hoʻokele mua ka mālama ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe o ka waiwai, pale i nā pono o nā kahu hānai Maasai, a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka mākaʻikaʻi. Pono e hoʻonui ʻia ka ʻōnaehana hoʻokele a me ka Plan Management e hoʻopili i kahi ʻano moʻomeheu a me ke kūlohelohe, e hui pū ana i nā pono kaiaola me nā pahuhopu moʻomeheu e hoʻokō i kahi ala hoʻomau i ka mālama ʻana i ka Waiwai Kūʻokoʻa Kūikawā o ka waiwai, me ka mālama ʻana i nā mauʻu a me ka archaeological. waiwai, a e paipai i ka ʻike kaiapuni a me ka moʻomeheu. Pono ka Plan e hoʻonui i ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻano moʻomeheu ma mua o nā pilikia pilikanaka a me ka hoʻonā ʻana i nā paio kanaka me nā holoholona hihiu i ka palapala, mālama, a me ka hoʻokele waiwai moʻomeheu a me ka noiʻi ʻana i ka hiki o ka ʻāina ākea ma nā ʻōlelo archaeological.

Pono e loaʻa i ka NCAA ka mana a me nā mākau loea e hōʻoia i ka maikaʻi o kāna ʻano hoʻohana lehulehu, me ka ʻike o ka hoʻokele ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kahu hānai me ka hui pū ʻana me ke kaiāulu Maasai a me nā mea kuleana ʻē aʻe. Pono pū ka NCAA e hōʻoia i nā limahana i loaʻa nā mākau hoʻoilina kūlohelohe a me ka moʻomeheu no ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā hoʻolālā hoʻolālā maikaʻi, hoʻohui ʻia, a me ka maikaʻi o ka mālama ʻana, e pili ana i ka mākaʻikaʻi maikaʻi, ke komo ʻana, a me ka hoʻolālā hoʻolālā.

Pono ka hoʻomaopopo piha ʻana i ka hiki o ka waiwai ke hoʻohana i ka hoʻohana kanaka a me ka hānai holoholona, ​​ma muli o nā pono o ka heluna Maasai a me ka loiloi i ka hopena o ka heluna kanaka ma nā kaiaola a me nā archeology o ka waiwai. Pono ka hoʻolālā hui i ʻae ʻia ma waena o ka NCAA, nā alakaʻi kaiāulu o Maasai, a me nā mea kuleana ʻē aʻe e hōʻoia i ka pae o ka heluna kanaka a me nā pae o ka hoʻohana waiwai i ke kaulike me ka pale ʻana i kona mau ʻano kūlohelohe a me ka moʻomeheu, e pili ana i ka pili ʻana i ka ʻai a me ka hoʻokele mauʻu. , a me ka pale ʻana i ka hakakā kanaka me nā holoholona hihiu. He mea nui ka komo ʻana o nā kaiāulu i nā kaʻina hoʻoholo, me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻano hana kaʻana like e hoʻoikaika i ka manaʻo o ka kuleana a me ke kuleana no ka mālama ʻana a me ka hoʻohana mau ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe a me ka moʻomeheu o ka waiwai.

ʻO kahi hoʻolālā mākaʻikaʻi holoʻokoʻa no ka waiwai he koi no ka wā lōʻihi e alakaʻi i ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka lehulehu i ka waiwai a me nā ala e hōʻike ai i ka waiwai a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka ʻike mākaʻikaʻi ma mua o ka nui o nā malihini a me nā wahi mākaʻikaʻi. Pono nā kaʻa e komo i ka lua pele a me nā wahi kaulana ʻē aʻe o ka waiwai i nā palena kūpono e pale ai i ka maikaʻi o ka ʻike o ka waiwai a me ka hōʻoia ʻana ʻaʻole e hoʻopilikia nui ʻia nā ʻano kūlohelohe a me ka moʻomeheu. ʻAʻole pono e ʻae ʻia nā hoʻomohala ʻana a me nā ʻoihana no ka mākaʻikaʻi a i ʻole ka hoʻokele ʻana i ka waiwai e pili ana i kona mau ʻano kūlohelohe a moʻomeheu.

Ma ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka pilina koʻikoʻi, ma ke ʻano kūlohelohe o ka waiwai i nā wahi mālama e pili ana, he mea nui ia e hoʻokumu i ka hana maikaʻi a hoʻomau ʻia ma waena o ka waiwai, Serengeti National Park, a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka kaiaola Serengeti-Mara e hōʻoia i ka pilina no ka neʻe ʻana o nā holoholona hihiu a me ka hoʻokele hoʻokele. nā pahuhopu e pili ana i ka hoʻohana mākaʻikaʻi, ka hoʻokele ʻāina, a me ka hoʻomohala hoʻomau.