Indawo yolondolozo yaseNgorongoro

Indawo yoLondolozo yaseNgorongoro (iNdawo yeLifa leMveli leHlabathi le-UNESCO)

Yobungakanani: 8,292 sq km (3201 square miles)
uqinisa: 1959
Umgama ukusuka e-Arusha: I-180 km (110 yeekhilomitha)

inkcazo:

I-Ngorongoro Conservation Area iye yabhengeza ngokusemthethweni i-UNESCO World Heritage Site ngo-1979. Lo mmandla unemimandla eyahlukahlukeneyo kwaye uquka amahlathi ashinyeneyo asezintabeni, amathafa, amathafa engca, amachibi nemigxobhozo. Ezinye zezona ndawo zibalulekileyo ze-archaeological emhlabeni, ezifana ne-Oldupai Gorge kunye neLaetoli inokufumaneka kwiNdawo yoLondolozo lweNgorongoro. Abembi bezinto zakudala bafumana ubungqina obubonisa ukuba lo mmandla wawuhlala abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezi-3 zeminyaka eyadlulayo kwaye babanga ukuba inokuba yindawo yokuzalwa yoluntu.

Kwaye ke kukho iCrater yaseNgorongoro, eyona ndawo inkulu engaqhawukanga, engasebenziyo, nengagcwaliswanga emhlabeni. Ngobubanzi obuziikhilomitha ezili-19 (iikhilomitha ezili-12) kunye neendonga zayo ezinkulu eziphakame ngaphezu kwe-610 m (2000 yeemitha), umgangatho wecrater ugubungela ummandla oziikhilomitha ezili-260. Izilwanyana ezingaphezu kwama-100 kuquka umkhombe omnyama onqabileyo ziyibiza le ndawo ikhethekileyo njengekhaya lawo. Namhlanje angaphezu kwama-30,000 amaMasai ahlala kwindawo eyenza iNdawo yoLondolozo lweNgorongoro ibe yenye yeendawo ezimbalwa eTanzania apho kuvunyelwe ukuhlala abantu kwindawo ekhuselwe izilwanyana zasendle. Ulondolozo lwabelana ngomda kunye neSerengeti National Park kwaye umntu kufuneka aqhube ngolondolozo ukuze afike eSerengeti.

Iimbalasane:

Umgangatho wecrater ugutyungelwe yimimandla eyahlukahlukeneyo esusela kumahlathi ashinyeneyo asezintabeni nakwithafa lemithi ukuya kutsho kumathafa engca, amachibi nemigxobhozo. Imithombo yamanzi iquka imilambo emibini emikhulu, uMlambo iMunge osentshona kunye noMlambo iLerai ngasempuma kwakunye nomthombo weNgotokitok ophalala kumgxobhozo.

Imihlambi emikhulu yezilwanyana zezilwanyana zilawula emgangathweni ngamaqwarhashe, iinqu, ii-elands, iibhadi zikaGrant kunye neeThompson zezona ntlobo zixhaphakileyo zibonwa. Kodwa lo mngxuma ukwanekhaya “leenkunzi ezintlanu” yaye iindlovu, iingonyama neenyathi zidla ngokubonwa. Iihlosi azifane zibonwe njengoko zikhetha ukuhlala emahlathini kungqameko lwecrater. Umkhombe omnyama ophantse utshabalale nawo unokufumaneka kwikhreyithi kwaye nokubonwa akunqabile. Iikati ze-Serval zibona iingcuka, kunye noodyakalashe nabo bahlala bebonwa ngelixa iingwenkala kunzima kakhulu ukuzibona.

Kodwa ayizozilwanyana ezanyisayo kuphela ezihlala kwindawo yolondolozo kwaye amanani amaninzi eeflamingo ezincinci anokubonwa kwiLake Magadi, ichibi elinealkali. Ezinye iintaka eziqhelekileyo ziquka iinciniba, ii-kori bustards, i-cranes ezithweswe isithsaba, amaxhalanga amhlophe, iikayiti ezimnyama, ii-egrets zeenkomo, amaxhalanga amnyama, ama-augur buzzards, nezinye ezininzi.

Ukuhamba ecaleni kweNgorongoro Crater rim ekhatshwa ngunogada oxhobileyo kuthatha abatyeleli kwindlela edalwe yimfuyo, ukudlula kwimithi egqunywe bubulembu kunye neMasai bomas, enika iimbono eziphefumlayo kulo mngxuma ungezantsi.

INgorongoro Conservation Area igubungela udederhu lweethafa eziphakamileyo, iisavanna, iisavanna woodlands namahlathi. Yasekwa ngo-1959 njengeendawo ezininzi ezisetyenziselwa umhlaba, kunye nezilwanyana zasendle ezihlala kunye nabelusi bamaMaasai abangabahambi abadlisa imfuyo yesintu, ibandakanya iNgorongoro Crater emangalisayo, eyona ndawo inkulu emhlabeni. Lo mhlaba ubalulekile kwihlabathi jikelele kulondolozo lweentlobo-ntlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana eziphilayo ngenxa yobukho bezilwanyana ezisesichengeni sehlabathi, ukuxinana kwezilwanyana zasendle ezihlala kuloo mmandla, kunye nokufuduka kwaminyaka le kweenqu, iqwarhashe, amabhadi kunye nezinye izilwanyana ukuya kumathafa asemantla. Uphando olubanzi lwe-archaeology lukwavelise ulandelelwano olude lobungqina bokuzivelela komntu kunye ne-dynamics yendalo engqongileyo, kubandakanya neenyawo zangaphambili ze-hominid ezisukela emva kwi-3.6 yezigidi zeminyaka.

Ukudibanisa okufutshane

INgorongoro Conservation Area (809,440 hektare) igubungela udederhu lweethafa eziphakamileyo, i-savanna, i-savanna woodlands, namahlathi ukusuka kumathafa eSerengeti National Park kumntla-ntshona ukuya kwimpuma yeGreat Rift Valley. Lo mmandla wasekwa ngo-1959 njengendawo esetyenziselwa umhlaba ngeendlela ezininzi, kunye nezilwanyana zasendle ezihlala kunye nabelusi baseMaasai abangabahambi nabathanda ukutyisa imfuyo yesiNtu. Ibandakanya iNgorongoro Crater enomtsalane, eyona ndawo inkulu emhlabeni, kunye neOlduvai Gorge, umwonyo onzulu oziikhilomitha ezili-14 ubude. Lo mhlaba ubalulekile kwihlabathi jikelele kulondolozo lweentlobo-ntlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana eziphilayo xa kujongwa ubukho bezilwanyana ezisesichengeni sehlabathi ezifana noRhino omnyama, ukuxinana kwezilwanyana zasendle ezihlala kwiNgqungquthela yaseNgorongoro nemimandla eyingqongileyo unyaka wonke, kunye nokufuduka rhoqo ngonyaka kweenqu, iqwarhashe, iibhadi zikaThompson kunye neGrant ezinye ungulates ukuya kumathafa asemantla.

Ummandla uphantsi kophando olubanzi lwe-archaeological iminyaka engaphezu kwe-80. Ivelise ulandelelwano olude lobungqina bokuzivelela komntu kunye neentshukumo zokusingqongileyo komntu, ngokuhlangeneyo zinabela kwisithuba esimalunga nezigidi ezine zeminyaka ukuya kwixesha langoku. Obu bungqina bubandakanya iinyawo zefosili eLaetoli, ezinxulumene nophuhliso lwe-bipedalism yabantu, ukulandelelana kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo, eziguqukayo ze-hominin ngaphakathi kwe-Olduvai gorge, ukusuka kwi-Australopiths efana neZinjanthropus boisei ukuya kumnombo weHomo oquka iHomo habilis, iHomo erectus, kunye neHomo. sapiens; uhlobo lokuqala lweHomo sapiens eLake Ndutu; kwaye, kwi-crater yase-Ngorongoro, ihlala loo maxwebhu ophuhliso lobugcisa bamatye kunye nokutshintshwa kokusetyenziswa kwentsimbi. Imbonakalo-mhlaba iyonke yale ndawo ibonwa inamandla okuveza ubungqina obuninzi malunga nokunyuka kwabantu banamhlanje ngokwendalo, ukuziphatha kwale mihla, kunye nendalo yabantu.

Umgaqo (iv): I-Ngorongoro Conservation Area ivelise ulandelelwano olude kakhulu lobungqina obubalulekileyo obunxulumene nendaleko yoluntu kunye ne-dynamics yendalo engqongileyo, ngokuhlangeneyo ukusuka kwizigidi ezine zeminyaka eyadlulayo ukuya ekuqaleni kweli xesha, kubandakanywa nobungqina obubonakalayo beyona milinganiselo ibalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kwabantu. Nangona ukutolikwa kweendibano ezininzi ze-Olduvai Gorge kusaxoxwa, ubungakanani babo kunye nobuninzi babo buyamangalisa. Uninzi lweentlobo zeefosili kumnombo we-hominin zivela kule ndawo. Ngaphaya koko, uphando lwexesha elizayo kwipropathi lunokuthi luveze ubungqina obuninzi malunga nokunyuka kwabantu be-anatomically banamhlanje, ukuziphatha kwale mihla, kunye ne-ecology yabantu.

Ikhrayitheriya (vii): Imbonakalo-mhlaba emangalisayo yeNgorongoro Crater, idityaniswe noxinzelelo olumangalisayo lwezilwanyana zasendle, yenye yezona zinto zimangalisayo zendalo zeplanethi. Amanani amakhulu eenqukazi (ngaphezu kwesigidi esi-1 sezilwanyana) adlula kulo mhlaba njengenxalenye yokufuduka konyaka kwenqu enqumla i-ecosystem ye-Serengeti kwaye izala amathole kumathafa amafutshane anqumla kuMmandla woLondolozo lweNgorongoro/umda wePaki yeSizwe iSerengeti. Oku kwenza isenzeko sendalo esigqwesileyo.

Umgaqo (viii): Intaba-mlilo yaseNgorongoro yeyona ndawo inkulu engekaqhawuki ehlabathini. Icrater kunye ne-Olmoti kunye ne-Empakaai craters ziyinxalenye yeRift Valley esempuma, enentaba-mlilo esusela emva kwexesha leMesozoic / ekuqaleni kweTertiary kwaye idume ngobume bayo. Le propati ikwabandakanya iLaetoli kunye ne-Olduvai Gorge, equlethe irekhodi ebalulekileyo yezidalwa zamandulo zokuzivelela komntu.

Umgaqo (ix): Ukwahluka kwemozulu, ubume bomhlaba, kunye nokuphakama kube nesiphumo sokudityaniswa kwenkqubo yendalo kunye neendawo zokuhlala ezahlukeneyo, ezinamathafa engca amafutshane, amahlathi emvula, amahlathi e-savanna, amathafa engca ende, kunye namathafa avulekileyo aphezulu. Lo mhlaba uyinxalenye yeSerengeti ecosystem, enye yeendawo ezihlala kuzo eziphilayo emhlabeni egcina izilwanyana ezinkulu nezinomtsalane.

Umgaqo (x): Indawo yolondolozo yaseNgorongoro likhaya kuluntu lwezilwanyana ezikhulu ezimalunga nama-25,000, ubukhulu becala zingama-ungulate, ecaleni kweyona ndawo ingxinano kakhulu yezilwanyana ezizingelayo ezanyisayo e-Afrika, kuquka nelona nani lixineneyo leengonyama (kuqikelelwa ukuba zingama-68 ngo-1987). Lo mhlaba unezinto eziphilayo ezisengozini yokuphela, njengoMkhombe Omnyama, inja yokuzingela yasendle, ikati egolide neentlobo ezingama-500 zeentaka. Ikwaxhasa enye yezona zikhulu zezilwanyana ezifudukayo emhlabeni, kubandakanywa ngaphezu kwe-1 yezigidi zeenqu, i-72,000 zebras, kunye ne-c.350,000 ye-Thompson kunye ne-Grant gazelles.

Ukuthembeka

Ipropati yabhalwa phantsi kweendlela zendalo (vii), (viii), (ix), kunye (x) ngo-1979 kunye nenkqubo yenkcubeko (iv) ngo-2010. umbhalo ngo-1979 kunye nemilinganiselo yenkcubeko ngo-2010.

Malunga nexabiso lendalo, ingca kunye nemithi yepropathi ixhasa izilwanyana ezininzi kakhulu, ubukhulu becala zingaphazanyiswa kukulima ngexesha lokubhalwa. Imbonakalo-mhlaba ebanzi yendawo ayizange ichatshazelwe luphuhliso okanye ulimo olusisigxina ngexesha lokubhalwa. Isidima somhlaba sikwaphuhliswa ngokuba yinxalenye yeSerengeti-Mara ecosystem. Ipropati iyadibana Ipaki yeSizwe yeSerengeti (1,476,300 ha), ekwaqukwe kuLuhlu lweLifa leMveli leHlabathi njengepropati yendalo. Uqhagamshelwano ngaphakathi naphakathi kwezi propati kunye nemimandla emeleneyo yomhlaba, ngokusebenzisa iipaseji zezilwanyana zasendle ezisebenzayo, kubalulekile ukukhusela imfezeko yokufuduka kwezilwanyana. Akukho kuzingela kuvumelekileyo kwiNdawo yoLondolozo lweNgorongoro (NCA), kodwa ukuzingelwa kwezilwanyana zasendle kusisisongelo esiqhubekayo, esifuna ukugadwa okusebenzayo kunye nokunyanzeliswa komthetho. Iintlobo ezihlaselayo zingumthombo wenkxalabo eqhubekayo, efuna uqwalaselo oluqhubekayo kunye nesenzo esisebenzayo ukuba ichongiwe. Uxinzelelo lwezokhenketho nalo luyinkxalabo, kubandakanywa iimpembelelo ezinokuthi zibe kho zotyelelo olwandisiweyo, iziseko ezingundoqo ezitsha, izithuthi, ulawulo lwenkunkuma, ukuphazamiseka kwezilwanyana zasendle, kunye nokubanakho ukungenisa izilwanyana ezihlaselayo.

Lo mhlaba ubonelela ngamadlelo kubalimi beMaasai abangaqhelekanga. Ngexesha lokubhalwa kwalo mbhalo, kuqikelelwa ukuba ngama-20,000 amaMaasai awayehlala kulo mhlaba, kunye nemfuyo emalunga nama-275,000, eyayijongwe kwindawo yolondolozo. Akukho kulima ngokusisigxina kuvunyelwe ngokusemthethweni kulo mhlaba. Ukukhula okuthe kratya kwabemi bamaMaasai kunye nenani leenkomo kufuneka lihlale ngaphakathi kwisakhono sepropati, kwaye ukwanda kwabemi, ukutyiswa kwendawo, kunye nongenelelo lwezolimo lubeka emngciphekweni amaxabiso endalo kunye nenkcubeko yepropati. Kwakungekho abemi eNgorongoro kwaye IiCraters zaseMpaakai okanye ihlathi ngexesha lokubhalwa kwe-1979.

Ipropathi ibandakanya iintsalela ezaziwayo ze-archaeological kunye nemimandla ephezulu ye-archaeo-anthropological potential apho kufunyaniswa okunxulumeneyo kunokwenziwa. Nangona kunjalo, imfezeko yeempawu ezithile ze-paleo-archaeological kunye ne-landscape jikelele enovakalelo, ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba, iphantsi kwesoyikiso kwaye ngaloo ndlela isengozini ngenxa yokunganyanzeliswa kwamalungiselelo okhuseleko anxulumene nolawulo lwamadlelo kunye nokufikelela okucetywayo kunye nophuhliso olunxulumene nabakhenkethi eLaetoli. kunye ne-Olduvai Gorge.

sobunyani

Ngokubanzi, ukunyaniseka kweendawo zefosili abuthandabuzeki; nangona kunjalo, xa kujongwa ubume beendawo zefosili, umxholo weefosili kufuneka uhlale ungaphazanyiswa (ngaphandle kwenkqubo yendalo yokwakheka komhlaba). Njengoko idosi yokutyumba ingenalo ulwazi olwaneleyo oluneenkcukacha kuninzi lweendawo zokuchaza iindawo zabo ezandisiweyo okanye iindawo zobuntununtunu bezinto zakudala okanye iziqinisekiso ezaneleyo ngokwemigaqo yamalungiselelo olawulo ukuqinisekisa ukuba iziza ziya kuhlala zingaphazamiseki kwaye zingasongelwa lufikelelo lwabatyeleli, ulwakhiwo. okanye iinkomo ezidla amadlelo, ubunyani bazo busengozini.

Ukhuseleko kunye neemfuno zolawulo

I-Ngorongoro Conservation Area Ordinance ka-1959 ngowona mthetho uphambili okhusela ipropati. Lo mhlaba ulawulwa nguGunyaziwe woLondolozo lweNdawo yaseNgorongoro (NCAA). ICandelo lezinto zamandulo linoxanduva lokulawula nokukhusela izixhobo ze-paleo-anthropological ngaphakathi kwiNdawo yoLondolozo lweNgorongoro. Imemorandam yokuqonda kufuneka isekwe kwaye igcinwe ukuze kuqulunqwe ngokusesikweni ubudlelwane phakathi kwamaqumrhu amabini.

Ulawulo lwePropati lukhokelwa siSicwangciso soLawulo Jikelele. Ngoku, ezona njongo ziphambili zolawulo kukugcina ubutyebi bendalo bepropati, ukukhusela umdla wabalusi bamaMasai, nokukhuthaza ukhenketho. Inkqubo yolawulo kunye neSicwangciso soLawulo kufuneka sandiswe ukubandakanya indlela edibeneyo yenkcubeko kunye nendalo, ukudibanisa iimfuno ze-ikhosistim kunye neenjongo zenkcubeko ukuphumeza indlela ezinzileyo yokulondoloza iXabiso eliBalaseleyo leHlabathi lepropati, kubandakanywa ulawulo lwamadlelo kunye ne-archaeological. kunye nokukhuthaza ulwazi ngemo engqongileyo nenkcubeko. Isicwangciso sidinga ukwandisa ulawulo lweempawu zenkcubeko ngaphaya kwemiba yentlalo kunye nesisombululo seengxabano zoluntu kunye nezilwanyana zasendle ukuya kumaxwebhu, ukugcinwa, kunye nokulawulwa kwemithombo yenkcubeko kunye nophando lwamandla omhlaba obanzi ngokwemigaqo ye-archaeological.

I-NCAA kufuneka ibe nesakhono kunye nezakhono zeengcali zokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kolawulo lwayo lokusetyenziswa ngeendlela ezininzi, kubandakanywa nolwazi lolawulo lokusetyenziswa kwamadlelo ngentsebenziswano noluntu lwamaMaasai kunye nabanye abachaphazelekayo abafanelekileyo. I-NCAA ikwafuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi banezakhono zelifa lemveli zendalo kunye nezenkcubeko ukuphumeza izicwangciso eziyilwe kakuhle, ezihlanganisiweyo nezisebenzayo zolondolozo, kubandakanywa ukhenketho olusebenzayo, ukufikelela kunye nocwangciso lweziseko zophuhliso.

Ukuqondwa ngokucokisekileyo kwesakhono sepropati ukulungiselela ukusetyenziswa kwabantu kunye nokutyisa imfuyo kuyafuneka, ngokusekwe kwiimfuno zabemi bamaMasai kunye novavanyo lwempembelelo yabemi boluntu kwi-ikhosistim kunye ne-archeology yepropati. Isicwangciso esihlanganyelweyo esivunyelweneyo phakathi kweNCAA, iinkokeli zabahlali baseMaasai, kunye nabanye abachaphazelekayo siyafuneka ukuqinisekisa ukuba amanqanaba oluntu kunye namanqanaba okusetyenziswa kwemithombo ahambelana nokukhuselwa kweempawu zayo zendalo kunye nenkcubeko, kubandakanywa ngokunxulumene nedlelo kunye nolawulo lwengca. , kunye nokuthintelwa kongquzulwano phakathi kwabantu nezilwanyana zasendle. Ukuthatha inxaxheba okubonakalayo kwabahlali kwiinkqubo zokwenziwa kwezigqibo kubalulekile, kubandakanywa ukuphuhlisa iindlela zokwabelana ngenzuzo ukukhuthaza imvakalelo yobunini noxanduva lolondolozo nokusetyenziswa ngokuzinzileyo kwemithombo yendalo neyenkcubeko yepropati.

Isicwangciso-qhinga sokhenketho sisonke kulo mhlaba yimfuneko yexesha elide ekukhokeleni ukusetyenziswa koluntu kwepropati kunye neendlela zokubonisa ipropati kunye nokubeka phambili umgangatho wamava okhenketho kunokuba inani labatyeleli kunye nezibonelelo zokhenketho. Ukufikelela kwisithuthi kwi-crater nakwezinye iindawo ezithandwayo zepropati kufuna imida ecacileyo yokukhusela umgangatho wamava epropati kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba iimpawu zendalo kunye nezenkcubeko aziphazanyiswa ngokungafanelekanga. Uphuhliso kunye neziseko ezingundoqo zokhenketho okanye ulawulo lwepropati ephazamisana neempawu zayo zendalo kunye nezenkcubeko akufuneki zivunyelwe.

Ukuthathela ingqalelo ubudlelwane obubalulekileyo, ngokwendalo yepropati ukuya koovimba abadityanisiweyo, kubalulekile ukuseka intsebenziswano esebenzayo neqhubekayo phakathi kwepropati, iSerengeti National Park, kunye neminye imimandla ye-ecosystem ye-Serengeti-Mara ukuqinisekisa uqhagamshelwano lokufuduka kwezilwanyana zasendle kunye nokulungelelanisa ulawulo. iinjongo malunga nokusetyenziswa kokhenketho, ulawulo lwenkangeleko yomhlaba, kunye nophuhliso oluzinzileyo.