Izizwe zaseTanzania

ITanzania yaziwa ngokutyebileyo kweyantlukwano yenkcubeko, inamaqela angaphezu kwe-100 nezizwe ezahlukeneyo. Uninzi lwezizwe zaseTanzania ziphuma kwimvelaphi yeBantu, emele malunga ne-95% yabemi belizwe.

Ezinye izizwe ziquka izithethi zeNilotic kunye nabazingeli bomthonyama kunye nenzala yabaqokeleli. Ipesenti encinci yamaTanzania asuka kwisiArabhu kunye Indian ukuhla, ubukhulu becala kwimimandla yonxweme, iDar Es Salaam kunye eZanzibar.

Isishwankathelo sembali

Imbali yezizwe zaseTanzania ingalandwa emva kubazingeli abathetha isiKhoisan, ekucingelwa ukuba bangabemi bokuqala baseTanzania. Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, amaza ezizwe ezahlukeneyo afudukela kummandla, uninzi lwabantu abathetha isiBantu abasuka eNtshona nakuMbindi Afrika. Baye bazisa ukusebenza kwentsimbi kunye nezakhono ezitsha zezolimo, eziphembelela kakhulu imeko yobuhlanga kuluntu lwaseTanzania.

Izizwe ezidumileyo eTanzania

ETanzania, kusekho izizwe ezihlala ngokwesiko, ikakhulu ezilalini. Ezidolophini (kodwa nakwezinye iindawo), izizwe ezininzi zixubile, yaye abantu baphila ubomi bale mihla. Basachonga njengenxalenye yesizwe sabo, kodwa bahlala kwizindlu eziqhelekileyo, kwiindawo ezixutywe nezinye izizwe kunye neenkolo.

Izizwe ezinkulu eTanzania ziquka:

Abasukuma

AmaSukuma lelona hlanga likhulu eTanzania, ahlala kwimimandla ekumntla-ntshona welizwe, ngokuyintloko kwizithili zolawulo zaseMwanza naseShinyanga. Amanye amaSukuma nawo ahlala kumaphondo aseTabora, eDodoma naseSingida.

Kunye namaChagga, zezona zizwe zinamandla kwaye zinempembelelo kwezoshishino nezopolitiko, kunye namaIndiya amancinci nama-Arabhu.

Ngelixa kukho amaxwebhu aqingqiweyo embali akhoyo malunga namaSukuma, kukholelwa ukuba ookhokho babo basuka kubantu abathetha isiBantu eNtshona Afrika. Ukufudukela kwabo kwindawo abakuyo ngoku eTanzania kwenzeka kwiinkulungwane.

Ngokwembali, iingcali zezolimo, amaSukuma, zilima izityalo ikakhulu kwaye zizibandakanya namafama amancinci. Baziwa ngomdaniso wabo, i-'Bugobogobo', umdaniso wenyoka, into ebalulekileyo kwizithethe zabo zonyango nezomoya.

AbakwaNyamwezi

ENtshona Tanzania, isizwe samaNyamwezi sikwindawo yesibini ngobukhulu emva kwamaSukuma. Igama labo elithi, Nyamwezi, liguqulelwe ngokuthi “abantu benyanga,” uphawu olungqina izithethe zabo zamandulo zokunqula inyanga.

Kukholelwa ukuba amaNyamwezi ahlala kumbindi-ntshona weTanzania ngenkulungwane ye-17. Esi sizwe sasiquka izikumkani ezininzi ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, njengeUnyanyembe, Ulyankhulu, neUrambo.

I-Unyanyembe yayinempembelelo ngakumbi njengoko yayilawula iTabora, isixeko esibalulekileyo sorhwebo, kwaye inobudlelwane obusondeleyo nama-Arabhu aseZanzibar. Kuyo yonke imbali yabo, abantu bakwaNyamwezi babezibandakanya kurhwebo nokuhlola izinto kwiindawo ezikude.

Kwisizwe samaNyamwezi, imimoya yezinyanya yayidlala indima ebalulekileyo kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Kwakukholelwa ukuba izinyanya zinamandla okuchaphazela abaphilayo ngendlela eyakhayo okanye embi, yaye izithethe ezahlukahlukeneyo neendlela zonqulo zazijoliswe ekungxengeni le mimoya.

AmaChaga

I-Chagga, ekwabizwa ngokuba yiWachaga ngesiSwahili, liqela laBantu elivela kwiNgingqi yaseKilimanjaro eTanzania.

Bamela isizwe sesithathu ngobukhulu esizweni. AmaChagga ngokwesiko alungelelaniswa angamazwe azimeleyo awayekho kumathambeka eNtaba iKilimanjaro ngaphambi kokwenziwa kwamathanga.

Lo mmandla, ngokwembali wawusaziwa njengeChaggaland okanye iUchaggani ngesiSwahili, uquka ingqokelela yezikumkani zaBantu ezazikho ngaphambi kolawulo lobukoloniyali.

AmaChagga anembali yenkcubeko etyebileyo ephawulwe ziinkosi zasekuhlaleni ezaziwa ngokuba 'nguMangi.' Bahlala kwimizi ebizwa ngokuba yiKihamba, iziza zeentsapho ezidluliselwe kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana.

AmaChagga sisizwe esinamandla, kwaye iArusha / Moshi ngummandla onamandla. Abanye abantu basaphila ngokwesiko, kodwa abaninzi baye bakhe izindlu ezintle, zale mihla.

AmaMasai

Ngokuphikisanayo, amaMaasai (kunye nezinye izizwe ezimbalwa ezifana namaHadzabe) zisaphila ngokwesithethe. Naxa besiza esixekweni, badla ngokunxiba iimpahla zabo zesintu, banamathelane yaye bathethe ulwimi lwabo.

Abantu baseMaasai kukholelwa ukuba iingcambu zabo zisuka kwiNayile Valley kuMntla Afrika. Malunga nenkulungwane ye-15, baqalisa ukufudukela eMazantsi, ekugqibeleni bafikelela kwiKenya neTanzania yanamhlanje. Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-17 neye-18, amaMaasai ayekwincopho yawo, elawula iindawo ezininzi zaseMpuma Afrika.

Eyaziwa ngamasiko ahlukileyo kunye nesinxibo saso, isizwe sigcina ubomi bobuhambi, ikakhulu sixhomekeke ekwaluseni imfuyo.

AmaMaasai aqondwa ngokulula ngekhowudi yawo yokunxiba (Shuka), ubucwebe obunamaso, kunye nesenzo esimangalisayo sokuguqula umzimba, njengokugqobhoza indlebe kunye nokolula.

Umsitho wenkcubeko obalulekileyo ngumsitho wolwaluko lwamagorha, owaziwa ngokuba yi-'Eunoto,' apho abafana abancinci bamaMaasai betshintshela ebudala, bebanika uxanduva olutsha phakathi kwesizwe.

The Hehe

Isizwe samaHehe, esaziwa ngokunyamezela kunye nezithethe zaso zokulwa, silawula iNgingqi yase-Iringa kumazantsi ombindi weTanzania.

Ngokwembali, amaHehe asekwa kwimizi yabantu abadala ngenkulungwane ye-19, emanyene phantsi kwenkokeli yawo edumileyo uNkosi uMkwawa. Olu bumbano ngokuyintloko yayikukuxhathisa izoyikiso zangaphandle, ngakumbi kubathengisi bekhoboka kunye namakholoni aseYurophu.

Le nto yelifa lenkcubeko yabo iphawuleka kwaye iyakhunjulwa nanamhlanje.

Ngokwentlalo nangokwezoqoqosho, amaHehe asebenza kakhulu ekulimeni nasekufuyeni izilwanyana.

UGogo

Isizwe samaGogo siyinxalenye yesizwe esikuMbindi weBantu esihlala kuMmandla weDodoma kumbindi weTanzania. Bayinxalenye yabantu ngokubanzi abantu abafudukela eAfrika malunga ne-2,000 ukuya kuma-3,000 eminyaka eyadlulayo.

Abantu bakwaGogo bahlukene kwaye badlamkile njengembali yabo. Baziwa ngomculo wabo wesintu, onezixhobo zasekuhlaleni ezifana neZeze (isixhobo esineentambo ezimbini), iindidi zamagubu, kunye neNdono eyodwa, isixhobo esinomtya omnye owenziwe ngecala.

UHaya

Behlala kummandla waseKagera kufuphi nonxweme lweLake Victoria, amaHaya anembali etyebileyo yenkcubeko.

Bakwaziwa ngokuba ngamaWahaya ngesiSwahili, kukholelwa ukuba baphuma kwiqela labalimi abasebenzisa intsimbi abathe banda kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zaseAfrika. Le nto inika umdla kakhulu kuba aba bantu be-Iron Age balola ikamva eliza kukhokelela kumaHaya esiwaziyo namhlanje.

 Iingcali zikholelwa ukuba zaqala ukuvelisa intsimbi, okanye isinyithi esiqinileyo, kude kudala kwiminyaka engama-2000 eyadlulayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba aba bantu bamandulo babefumene iindlela ezichuliweyo zokuxuba isinyithi ukuze bazenze phambi kwabanye abaninzi kwihlabathi liphela.

Isizwe samaHaya saziwa ngobuqhetseba baso obukhethekileyo, obuquka izindlu ezingqukuva ezinkulu ezenziwe ngodaka nengca ebizwa ngokuba yimushing.

AmaMakonde

Iphuma eMozambique, isizwe samaMakonde sahlala kumazantsi eTanzania, ngakumbi kwingingqi yase Mtwara.

Abantu baseMakonde baziwa ehlabathini lonke ngobuchule babo bokukrola amaplanga kunye nomsebenzi ontsonkothileyo womthi wom-ebony, obonisa iimo zabantu nezezilwanyana kunye neziqwenga ezingabonakaliyo.

Esi sizwe sinenkqubo yomnombo we-matrilineal, ngokubaluleka okumangalisayo okunikwe kwicala lomfazi kusapho. AmaMakonde akwanawo nomsitho wonyaka wokwaluka, owaziwa ngokuba nguNguvumali, apho amakhwenkwe amancinane namantombazana atshintshela ebuntwini obukhulu, ephawulwa ziimfundiso zemveli kunye nezithethe eziyimiqondiso.

AbaPare

Ukuhlala kuMntla-mpuma weTanzania, isizwe samaPare sahlulwe sangamaqela amabini - iAsu kunye neChasu. Iintaba zasePare ziyindawo efanelekileyo yokuphila ubomi babo bokulima, edume ngokulima iibhanana, iimbotyi, umbona nekofu.

Abantu abangamaPare banesakhiwo sentlalo esisodwa esibandakanya iipolitiki ezincinci ezizimeleyo, nganye ikhokelwa ngumlawuli welifa, ebonisa ukuntsonkotha kombutho wabo wezopolitiko.

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo yenkcubeko ngumdaniso we-Ijanja, umdlalo wesintu obandakanya iintshukumo ezinesingqi kunye nezandi ezidala umboniso onomtsalane.

IMakua

Nangona ubukhulu becala bufumaneka eMozambique, isizwe samaMakua sikwakho kakhulu eTanzania, ngakumbi kwingingqi yase Mtwara.

Ubume babo boluntu ngokwesiko bobusolusapho, kugxininiso olubalulekileyo kumnombo wamadoda. Ngokwenkcubeko, isizwe samaMakua saziwa ngokuluka, amadoda esenza iimethi kunye neengobozi zabafazi.

Baziwa kakhulu ngomculo wabo kunye nomdaniso, oquka izingqisho ezintsonkothileyo kunye neengoma kwimidlalo yabo.

IZaramo

Isizwe samaZaramo, esaziwa ngoluntu olomeleleyo lomtshato, ubukhulu becala sihlala kwindawo eselunxwemeni lwaseTanzania, embindini wesixeko esikhulu saseTanzania, iDar es Salaam. Abantu baseZaramo baxube iinkolo zemveli nobuSilamsi, obuxhaphake kulo mmandla ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-18.

Njengabalimi nabalobi, amaZaramo alima izityalo eziphambili ezinjengombona, irayisi, iimbotyi kunye necassava. Ngaphandle kwezolimo, esi sizwe sinobuchule bobugcisa nobuchwephesha.

Izinto zabo zobugcisa zibandakanya izinto ezenziwe ngodongwe kunye nokukrola amaplanga. Bakwaqhelisela uhlobo lomdaniso olwaziwa ngokuba nguMdundiko.

IZigua

Abantu baseZigua, abakummandla weTanga eTanzania, baluhlanga olunenkqubo yokulima eyomeleleyo, ubukhulu becala belima irayisi, amazimba, icassava, nokuloba rhoqo kwimimandla eselunxwemeni.

Ngokwembali, abantu baseZigua badlale indima ebalulekileyo kurhwebo olude kwiindlela zeekharavani phakathi konxweme lwaseMpuma Afrika kunye neLake Tanganyika.

Kwinkcubeko yamaZigua, umdaniso kunye nomculo zibambe indawo ephambili kwizithethe zabo kunye nemisitho. Omnye wale minyhadala ngumdaniso othi “Ukala”, ngumdaniso wokuzingela. Besebenzisa izixhobo ezinjengamagubu kunye nokukhenkceza, abadlali baloyisa abaphulaphuli babo ngokudibanisa izandi ezinesingqisho kunye neengoma.

UHadza noSandawe

Izizwe zamaHadza namaSandawe, ezithathwa njengezizwe zomthonyama eTanzania, zisaqhubeka ziphila ubomi bokuzingela. Baphawuleka ngeelwimi zabo 'zokucofa' ezizodwa, besabelana ngeempawu zolwimi ezifanayo kunye neelwimi zesiKhoisan ezithethwa ngabantu baseSan baseMazantsi e-Afrika.

Iraqw

Ekubeni sahluke ngokupheleleyo kwiinduli ezipholileyo zoMntla woMbindi weTanzania, isizwe sase-Iraqw siye salugcina ulwimi lwaso olwahlukileyo lwesiCushitic, ulwimi olwahlukileyo kolona lwimi luthethwa kakhulu eTanzania, isiBantu, isiNilotic nesiKhoisan. I-Iraqw ubukhulu becala ngabalimi, besebenzisa ukuqonda kwabo ngomhlaba ochumileyo wentaba-mlilo ukuze balime izilimo ezininzi.

Isizwe ngasinye saseTanzania sifaka ilizwe ngenkcubeko yalo, imbali kunye neempawu zentlalo. Ngokudibeneyo, bangumzekelo wokutyeba kweyantlukwano ebonelelwa yiTanzania, ivakalisa umzobo wokwenene waseAfrika weenkcubeko zezizwe ezingaphili nje kuphela kodwa ezichumayo phakathi kwemida yejografi yesi sizwe saseMpuma Afrika.