Mitundu ya Tanzania

Tanzania imadziwika chifukwa chamitundu yosiyanasiyana, yokhala ndi mitundu ndi mafuko oposa 100. Mitundu yambiri ya ku Tanzania imachokera ku Bantu, yomwe imayimira pafupifupi 95% ya anthu a m'dzikoli.

Mafuko ena onse amapangidwa ndi anthu olankhula Chinilotic komanso alenje achilengedwe komanso mbadwa zosonkhanitsa. Ochepa mwa anthu a ku Tanzania ndi ochokera ku Arabic ndi Indian kutsika, makamaka m'madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, Dar Es Salaam ndi Zanzibar.

mwachidule mbiriyakale

Mbiri ya mafuko ku Tanzania imachokera kwa alenje olankhula Chikhoisan, omwe amaganiziridwa kuti ndi anthu oyambirira kukhala ku Tanzania. Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, mafunde amitundu yosiyanasiyana adasamukira kuderali, makamaka anthu olankhula Chibantu ochokera ku West ndi Central Africa. Iwo anayambitsa luso la zitsulo ndi luso latsopano laulimi, zomwe zinakhudza kwambiri chikhalidwe cha mafuko ku Tanzania.

Mitundu Yodziwika ku Tanzania

Ku Tanzania, kudakali mafuko omwe amakhala mwamwambo, makamaka m’midzi. M’matauni (komanso m’malo ena), mafuko ambiri ndi osakanikirana ndipo anthu amakhala ndi moyo wamakono. Amadziŵikabe kuti ndi mbali ya fuko lawo, koma amakhala m’nyumba zachibadwa, m’madera osakanikirana ndi mafuko ndi zipembedzo zina.

Mitundu yayikulu ku Tanzania ndi:

The Sukuma

Asukuma ndi mtundu waukulu kwambiri ku Tanzania, womwe umakhala kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa dzikolo, makamaka m'maboma a Mwanza ndi Shinyanga. Asukuma ena amakhalanso m’zigawo za Tabora, Dodoma, ndi Singida.

Pamodzi ndi a Chagga, iwo ndi mafuko amphamvu kwambiri komanso otchuka kwambiri pazamalonda ndi ndale, pamodzi ndi amwenye ang'onoang'ono ndi Aarabu.

Ngakhale kuti pali zolemba zochepa za mbiri yakale za Asukuma, amakhulupirira kuti makolo awo adachokera ku anthu olankhula Chibantu ku West Africa. Kusamuka kwawo komwe ali ku Tanzania kunachitika zaka mazana ambiri.

Akatswiri a zaulimi, Asukuma kwenikweni amalima mbewu komanso alimi ang'onoang'ono. Amadziwika ndi kuvina kwawo, 'Bugobogobo', kuvina kwa njoka, chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pazamankhwala komanso miyambo yawo yauzimu.

The Nyamwezi

Kumadzulo kwa Tanzania, fuko la Nyamwezi ndi lachiwiri lalikulu kwambiri pambuyo pa Asukuma. Dzina lawo lakuti, Nyamwezi, limatanthauza “anthu a mwezi,” kutanthauza kuti amatsatira miyambo yawo yakale yolambira mwezi.

Amakhulupirira kuti a Nyamwezi adakhazikika chakumadzulo chapakati pa dziko la Tanzania mzaka za zana la 17. Mtunduwu unali ndi maufumu angapo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 19, monga Unyanyembe, Ulyankhulu, ndi Urambo.

Unyanyembe inali yamphamvu kwambiri chifukwa inkalamulira mzinda wa Tabora, womwe ndi mzinda wofunika kwambiri pazamalonda, ndipo unali paubwenzi wapamtima ndi Aarabu a ku Zanzibar. M’mbiri yawo, a Nyamwezi ankachita malonda akutali komanso kufufuza zinthu.

Pachikhalidwe cha Anyamwezi, mizimu ya makolo inkachita mbali yofunika kwambiri pamoyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Ankakhulupirira kuti makolo ali ndi mphamvu zosokoneza anthu amoyo, ndipo miyambo yosiyanasiyana ndi kulambira kunali ndi cholinga chosangalatsa mizimu imeneyi.

The Chagga

A Chagga, omwe amadziwikanso kuti Wachaga m'Chiswahili, ndi mtundu wa Bantu wochokera kudera la Kilimanjaro ku Tanzania.

Iwo akuimira fuko lachitatu pa ukulu pa fuko lonselo. Achagga adapangidwa kukhala mayiko odziyimira pawokha omwe adalipo m'mphepete mwa phiri la Kilimanjaro utsamunda usanachitike.

Derali, lomwe kale limadziwika kuti Chaggaland kapena Uchaggani m'Chiswahili, linali ndi maufumu a Bantu omwe analipo ulamuliro wa atsamunda usanachitike.

Achagga ali ndi mbiri ya chikhalidwe chodziwika ndi mafumu akumaloko omwe amadziwika kuti 'Mangi.' Iwo amakhala m’nyumba zotchedwa Kihamba, zomwe ndi minda ya mabanja imene yadutsa mibadwomibadwo.

Achagga ndi fuko lamphamvu, ndipo Arusha / Moshi ndi dera lamphamvu. Anthu ena amakhalabe ndi moyo, koma ambiri amanganso nyumba zokongola zamakono.

The Maasai

Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, Amasai (ndi mafuko ena ochepa monga Ahadzabe) akukhalabe mwamwambo. Ngakhale akabwera mumzinda, amakonda kuvala zovala zachikhalidwe, kumamatirana, komanso kulankhula chinenero chawo.

Anthu a mtundu wa Maasai amakhulupirira kuti anachokera ku Nile Valley kumpoto kwa Africa. Cha m’zaka za m’ma 15, anayamba kusamukira kum’mwera, n’kukafika ku Kenya ndi ku Tanzania masiku ano. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 17 ndi 18, Amasai anali pachimake, ndipo ankalamulira madera ambiri a kum'mawa kwa Africa.

Odziwika ndi miyambo yawo ndi kavalidwe kosiyana, fukoli limakhala ndi moyo wosamukasamuka, makamaka kudalira kuweta ziweto.

Amasai amazindikirika mosavuta ndi kavalidwe kawo (Shuka), zodzikongoletsera za mikanda, ndi machitidwe odabwitsa akusintha thupi, monga kuboola makutu ndi kutambasula.

Chochitika chofunikira kwambiri pachikhalidwe ndi mwambo woyambitsa nkhondo, womwe umadziwika kuti 'Eunoto,' pomwe anyamata achimasai akusintha kukhala uchikulire, kuwapatsa maudindo atsopano mu fuko.

The Hehe

Mtundu wa Ahehe, womwe umadziwika chifukwa cha kulimba mtima kwawo komanso miyambo yawo yankhondo, ndi wolamulira kwambiri m'chigawo cha Iringa chomwe chili kum'mwera kwa dziko la Tanzania.

M'mbiri yakale, Ahehe anapangidwa kuchokera kumadera angapo achikulire m'zaka za zana la 19, akugwirizanitsa pansi pa mtsogoleri wawo wotchuka, Mfumu Mkwawa. Umodzi umenewu makamaka unali wotsutsa ziwopsezo zakunja, makamaka kuchokera kwa ogulitsa akapolo ndi atsamunda a ku Ulaya.

Chigawo ichi cha cholowa chawo cha chikhalidwe ndi chodziwika komanso chimakumbukiridwa ngakhale lero.

Pamakhalidwe ndi pazachuma, Ahehe amachita kwambiri ulimi ndi kuweta ziweto.

The Gogo

Mtundu wa Gogo uli ndi gulu la anthu apakati pa anthu omwe amakhala m'chigawo cha Dodoma pakati pa dziko la Tanzania. Ndi gawo la anthu ambiri a Bantu omwe adasamukira ku Africa pafupifupi zaka 2,000 mpaka 3,000 zapitazo.

Anthu a Gogo ndi osiyanasiyana komanso amphamvu monga mbiri yawo. Amadziwika ndi nyimbo zawo zachikhalidwe, zokhala ndi zida zakumaloko monga Zeze (choimbira cha zingwe ziwiri), ng'oma zosiyanasiyana, ndi Ndono yapadera, chida cha chingwe chimodzi chopangidwa kuchokera ku cala.

The Haya

Anthu a mtundu wa Ahaya amakhala m’chigawo cha Kagera pafupi ndi nyanja ya Victoria ndipo ali ndi chikhalidwe chambiri.

Amadziwikanso kuti Wahaya m'Chiswahili, amakhulupirira kuti adachokera ku gulu la alimi okonda chitsulo omwe anafalikira kumadera osiyanasiyana a Africa. Zimenezi n’zosangalatsa kwambiri chifukwa anthu a m’nthawi ya Chitsulowa ananola tsogolo lomwe lingabweretse Ahaya omwe timawadziwa masiku ano.

 Akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti anayamba kupanga zitsulo, kapena zitsulo zolimba, zaka 2000 zapitazo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti anthu oyambirirawa adapeza njira zanzeru zosakaniza zitsulo kuti zipangidwe pamaso pa ena ambiri padziko lonse lapansi.

Mtundu wa Ahaya umadziwika ndi kamangidwe kake kapadera, komwe kumaphatikizapo nyumba zazikulu zozungulira zomangidwa ndi dothi ndi udzu zotchedwa mushing.

The Makonde

Kuchokera ku Mozambique, mtundu wa Makonde unakhazikika kumwera kwa Tanzania, makamaka m'chigawo cha Mtwara.

Anthu a mtundu wa Makonde ndi odziwika padziko lonse chifukwa cha luso lawo losema matabwa ndi zojambulajambula zogometsa kwambiri pamitengo ya mkungudza, yokhala ndi maonekedwe a anthu ndi nyama komanso tizidutswa tating'ono.

Fukoli limakhala ndi mibadwo ya matrilineal, ndi yofunika kwambiri yomwe imaperekedwa ku mbali ya banja la amayi. A Makonde alinso ndi mwambo woyambitsa mwambo wapachaka, wotchedwa Nguvumali, pomwe anyamata ndi atsikana amasintha kukhala akuluakulu, odziwika ndi ziphunzitso zachikhalidwe ndi miyambo yophiphiritsa.

The Pare

Kukhala kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Tanzania, fuko la Apare lagawidwa m'magulu awiri - Asu ndi Chasu. Mapiri a Pare ndi malo abwino kwambiri olimapo nthochi, nyemba, chimanga, ndi khofi.

Anthu a Apare ali ndi chikhalidwe chapadera chokhala ndi ndale zazing'ono zodziyimira pawokha, zomwe zimatsogozedwa ndi wolamulira wobadwa nawo, zomwe zikuwonetsa zovuta zandale zawo.

Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri pachikhalidwe ndi kuvina kwa Ijanja, kachitidwe kachikhalidwe komwe kumaphatikizapo mayendedwe anyimbo ndi mawu omwe amapangitsa chidwi kwambiri.

The Makua

Ngakhale kuti akupezeka ku Mozambique, fuko la Makua lilinso kwambiri ku Tanzania, makamaka m'chigawo cha Mtwara.

Makhalidwe awo a chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha makolo, ndikugogomezera kwambiri mzere wa amuna. Mwachikhalidwe, mtundu wa Makua umadziwika ndi kuwomba nsalu, amuna amapanga mateti ndi madengu azimayi.

Amadziwikanso kwambiri chifukwa cha nyimbo ndi kuvina kwawo, zomwe zimaphatikizanso nyimbo zovuta kwambiri m'masewera awo.

The Zaramo

Mtundu wa Zaramo, womwe umadziwika ndi gulu lolimba la mabanja, umakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Tanzania, pafupi ndi mzinda waukulu wa Tanzania, Dar es Salaam. Anthu amtundu wa Zaramo amaphatikiza zipembedzo zachikhalidwe ndi Chisilamu, zomwe zafala kwambiri m'derali kuyambira zaka za zana la 18.

Monga alimi ndi asodzi, Azaramo amalima mbewu zofunika kwambiri monga chimanga, mpunga, nyemba, ndi chinangwa. Kuwonjezera pa zaulimi, fukoli ndi laluso pa zaluso ndi zaluso.

Zojambula zawo zaluso zimaphatikizapo zoumba ndi matabwa. Amapanganso gule wina wotchedwa Mdundiko.

The Zigua

Anthu a mtundu wa Zigua, omwe ali m’chigawo cha Tanga ku Tanzania, ndi fuko limene limakonda kwambiri ulimi, makamaka amalima mpunga, mapira, chinangwa, ndi usodzi wokhazikika m’mphepete mwa nyanja.

M'mbiri yakale, anthu amtundu wa Zigua adagwira nawo ntchito yayikulu pamalonda akutali m'njira zapakati pa gombe la East Africa ndi Nyanja ya Tanganyika.

Mu chikhalidwe cha Zigua, kuvina ndi nyimbo zimakhala ndi malo apamwamba pa miyambo yawo yachikhalidwe ndi miyambo. Chochitika chimodzi chotere ndi kuvina kwa "Ukala", komwe ndi kuvina kokasaka. Pogwiritsa ntchito zida monga ng'oma ndi ma rattles, oimba amasangalatsa omvera awo pogwiritsa ntchito kamvekedwe ka nyimbo ndi nyimbo.

Hadza and Sandawe

Mitundu ya Ahadza ndi Sandawe, yomwe imatengedwa kuti ndi mafuko a komweko ku Tanzania, ikupitirizabe kukhala ndi moyo wosaka nyama. Amadziwika ndi zilankhulo zawo zapadera za 'kudina', kugawana zilankhulo zofanana ndi zilankhulo zachi Khoisan zolankhulidwa ndi anthu odziwika bwino a San ku Southern Africa.

Iraqw

Anthu a mtundu wa Iraqw, omwe ndi otalikirana ndi mapiri ozizira a Kumpoto kwa Pakati pa Pakati pa Tanzania, apitirizabe kukhala ndi chinenero cha Chikushi, chinenero chosiyana ndi zinenero za Bantu, Nilotic, ndi Khoisan za ku Tanzania. Anthu a ku Iraq ndi okonda zaulimi, ndipo amathandizira kumvetsetsa kwawo nthaka yachonde yachiphalaphala cham'derali kuti azilima mbewu zosiyanasiyana.

Fuko lililonse la Tanzania limalowetsa dzikolo ndi zikhalidwe, mbiri, komanso chikhalidwe. Onse pamodzi, akupereka chitsanzo cha kusiyanasiyana kolemera kumene ku Tanzania kumapereka, kusonyeza chikhalidwe chenicheni cha mu Afirika cha zikhalidwe za mafuko zomwe sizikungokhalapo koma zikuyenda bwino m’madera a dziko la East Africa limeneli.