Malo Osungira Ngorongoro

Ngorongoro Conservation Area (UNESCO World Heritage Site)

kukula: 8,292 sq km (3201 sq mi)
Kukhazikika: 1959
Mtunda wochokera ku Arusha: Makilomita 180 (110 miles)

Description:

Ngorongoro Conservation Area yalengeza kuti ndi malo a UNESCO World Heritage Site mu 1979. Derali lili ndi malo osiyanasiyana ndipo muli nkhalango zowirira za mapiri, nkhalango, udzu, nyanja, ndi madambo. Malo ena ofunikira kwambiri ofukula zinthu zakale padziko lapansi, monga Oldupai Gorge ndi Laetoli angapezeke ku Ngorongoro Conservation Area. Akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale anapeza umboni wosonyeza kuti derali linkakhala ndi anthu otchedwa hominids zaka 3 miliyoni zapitazo ndipo amanena kuti akhoza kukhala malo obadwirako anthu.

Ndiyeno ndithudi pali Chigwa cha Ngorongoro, malo aakulu kwambiri padziko lonse osasweka, osagwira ntchito, ndi osadzazidwa. Ndi m'mimba mwake pafupifupi 19 km (12 miles) ndi makoma ake akuluakulu omwe amatalika kuposa mamita 610 (mamita 2000), pansi pa chigwachi ndi malo a 260 sq km (100 sq miles). Nyama zoposa 30,000 kuphatikizapo chipembere chakuda chosowa kwambiri zimatcha malo apaderawa kukhala kwawo. Masiku ano Amasai opitirira 40,000 akukhala m’derali zomwe zimapangitsa kuti Ngorongoro Conservation Area ikhale imodzi mwa malo ochepa ku Tanzania kumene anthu amaloledwa kukhala m’dera lotetezedwa ndi nyama zakuthengo. Zosungirako zimagawana malire ndi Serengeti National Park ndipo munthu ayenera kuyendetsa galimotoyo kuti akafike ku Serengeti.

Mfundo:

Pansi pa phompholi pali malo osiyanasiyana, kuyambira nkhalango zowirira za mapiri ndi nkhalango, udzu, nyanja, ndi madambo. Magwero a madzi akuphatikizapo mitsinje iŵiri ikuluikulu, Mtsinje wa Munge kumadzulo ndi Mtsinje wa Lerai kum’mawa komanso kasupe wa Ngotokitok umene umathirira m’dambo.

Ng'ombe zazikuluzikulu za anyani zimalamulira pansi pamtunda ndi mbidzi, nyumbu, elands, Grant's ndi Thompson's gazelles kukhala mitundu yomwe imapezeka kwambiri. Koma m’chigwachi mulinso “zazikulu zisanu” ndipo njovu, mikango, ndi njati nthawi zambiri zimawonedwa. Nyalugwe samawoneka kawirikawiri chifukwa ankakonda kukhala m'nkhalango za m'mphepete mwa chigwa. Chipembere chakuda chomwe chatsala pang'ono kutha, chimapezekanso m'bokosilo ndipo kuwonedwa nakonso sikosowa. Amphaka amawona afisi, ndipo ankhandwe amawonedwanso nthawi zambiri pomwe akamwala amakhala ovuta kuwawona.

Koma si nyama zoyamwitsa zokha zomwe zimakhala m'malo otetezedwa komanso ma flamingo ang'onoang'ono amatha kuwonedwa pa Nyanja ya Magadi, nyanja yomwe ili ndi zamchere. Mbalame zina zodziwika bwino ndi nthiwatiwa, kori bustards, nkhanu zobvala korona, miimba yoyera kumbuyo, makaiti akuda, ng'ombe, ziwombankhanga, augur buzzards, ndi zina zambiri.

Kuyenda m'mphepete mwa chigwa cha Ngorongoro motsagana ndi mlonda wokhala ndi zida kumatengera alendo panjira yopangidwa ndi ziweto, kudutsa mitengo yokutidwa ndi moss ndi maboma a Masai, omwe amapereka malingaliro opatsa chidwi a chigwacho.

Malo oteteza zachilengedwe a Ngorongoro ali ndi zigwa zazikulu, mapiri, nkhalango, ndi nkhalango. Idakhazikitsidwa mu 1959 ngati madera ambiri ogwiritsira ntchito nthaka, ndipo nyama zakuthengo zimakhala ndi abusa amtundu wa Maasai omwe amadyetsera ziweto zawo, komanso chigwa chochititsa chidwi cha Ngorongoro, chomwe ndi malo akulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Malowa ndi ofunikira padziko lonse lapansi poteteza zachilengedwe zosiyanasiyana chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa zamoyo zomwe zili pachiwopsezo padziko lonse lapansi, kuchulukana kwa nyama zakuthengo zomwe zimakhala mderali, komanso kusamuka kwachaka kwa nyumbu, mbidzi, mbawala ndi nyama zina kupita ku zigwa zakumpoto. Kafukufuku wochuluka wa zofukula zakale waperekanso umboni wautali wa chisinthiko chaumunthu ndi mphamvu za chilengedwe cha anthu, kuphatikizapo mapazi oyambirira a hominid kuyambira zaka 3.6 miliyoni zapitazo.

Kaphatikizidwe mwachidule

Malo oteteza zachilengedwe a Ngorongoro (mahekitala 809,440) ali ndi zigwa zazikulu, mapiri, nkhalango za savanna, ndi nkhalango zochokera m’zigwa za Serengeti National Park kumpoto chakumadzulo mpaka kum’mawa kwa chigwa cha Great Rift Valley. Derali lidakhazikitsidwa mchaka cha 1959 ngati malo ogwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana, ndipo nyama zakuthengo zimakhala ndi abusa amtundu wa Maasai omwe amaweta ziweto. Mulinso chigwa chochititsa chidwi cha Ngorongoro, phiri lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ndi Olduvai Gorge, chigwa chakuya cha 14km. Malowa ndi ofunikira padziko lonse lapansi poteteza zachilengedwe zosiyanasiyana chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa zamoyo zomwe zili pachiwopsezo padziko lonse lapansi monga chipembere chakuda, kuchulukana kwa nyama zakuthengo zomwe zimakhala m'chigwa cha Ngorongoro ndi madera ozungulira chaka chonse, komanso kusamuka pachaka kwa nyumbu, mbidzi, mbawala za Thompson ndi Grant. maungulates ena m'zigwa za kumpoto.

Derali lakhala likuchita kafukufuku wofukula zakale kwa zaka zopitilira 80. Ilo lapereka kutsatizana kwautali wa umboni wa chisinthiko chaumunthu ndi mphamvu za chilengedwe cha anthu, zonse pamodzi zikupitirira kwa zaka pafupifupi mamiliyoni anayi kufikira ku nyengo yamakono. Umboniwu umaphatikizapo zotsalira za mapazi ku Laetoli, zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi chitukuko cha bipedalism yaumunthu, mndandanda wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya hominin mkati mwa Olduvai gorge, yomwe imachokera ku Australopiths monga Zinjanthropus boisei mpaka ku mzere wa Homo womwe umaphatikizapo Homo habilis, Homo erectus, ndi Homo. sapiens; mtundu wakale wa Homo sapiens ku Nyanja ya Ndutu; ndipo, m'chigwa cha Ngorongoro, zatsalirabe zolemba za chitukuko cha luso la miyala ndi kusintha kwa ntchito yachitsulo. Maonekedwe onse amderali akuwoneka kuti ali ndi kuthekera kowulula umboni wochulukirapo wokhudzana ndi kukwera kwa anthu amakono, machitidwe amakono, ndi chilengedwe cha anthu.

Mzere (iv): Ngorongoro Conservation Area yapereka umboni wofunikira kwambiri wokhudzana ndi kusinthika kwa anthu komanso momwe chilengedwe chimayendera, kuyambira zaka 4 miliyoni zapitazo mpaka kuchiyambi kwa nthawi ino, kuphatikiza umboni wowoneka bwino wofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwachisinthiko kwa anthu. Ngakhale kuti kutanthauzira kwa misonkhano yambiri ya Olduvai Gorge sikukambidwabe, kukula kwake ndi kachulukidwe kake ndizodabwitsa. Mitundu ingapo ya zokwiriridwa pansi mumzera wa hominin zimachokera patsamba lino. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku wamtsogolo pa malowa awonetsa umboni wochulukirapo wokhudzana ndi kukwera kwa anthu amakono, machitidwe amakono, ndi chilengedwe cha anthu.

Criterion (vii): Malo ochititsa chidwi a pachigwa cha Ngorongoro, kuphatikizidwa ndi kuchuluka kwake kwa nyama zakuthengo, ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zachilengedwe zodabwitsa kwambiri padziko lapansi. Ziwerengero zochititsa chidwi za nyumbu (zoposa 1 miliyoni nyama) zimadutsa pamalowa monga gawo lakusamuka kwa nyumbu pachaka kudutsa chilengedwe cha Serengeti ndikubereka m'zigwa zazifupi zomwe zimadutsa malire a Ngorongoro Conservation Area/Serengeti National Park. Ichi ndi chodabwitsa kwambiri chachilengedwe.

Criterion (viii): Chigwa cha Ngorongoro ndi phiri lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi losasweka. Mphepete mwa chigwacho ndi mabwinja a Olmoti ndi Empakaai ndi mbali ya kum'mawa kwa Rift Valley, yomwe kuphulika kwake kunayambira kumapeto kwa nyengo za Mesozoic / oyambirira Tertiary ndipo ndi yotchuka chifukwa cha geology. Malowa akuphatikizanso Laetoli ndi Olduvai Gorge, omwe ali ndi mbiri yakale yofunikira pakusinthika kwamunthu.

Criterion (ix): Kusiyanasiyana kwa nyengo, mawonekedwe a nthaka, ndi kutalika kwachititsa kuti pakhale malo osiyanasiyana okhala ndi zachilengedwe komanso malo osiyanasiyana, okhala ndi zigwa zazifupi, nkhalango zotsetsereka, nkhalango za savanna, zigwa zazitali za udzu wa montane, ndi mapiri otalikirana kwambiri. Malowa ndi gawo la Serengeti ecosystem, imodzi mwazachilengedwe zomaliza padziko lapansi zomwe zimakhala ndi nyama zazikulu komanso zochititsa chidwi.

Mulingo (x): Malo Osungira Ngorongoro kuli nyama zazikuluzikulu zokwana 25,000, makamaka zolusa, pamodzi ndi zilombo zolusa kwambiri mu Africa, kuphatikiza mikango yochuluka kwambiri yodziwika bwino (yoyerekeza 68 mu 1987). Malowa ali ndi zamoyo zosiyanasiyana zomwe zatsala pang’ono kutha, monga Black Rhino, agalu osaka nyama, mphaka wagolide, ndi mitundu 500 ya mbalame. Imathandiziranso imodzi mwa nyama zazikulu kwambiri zomwe zimasamuka padziko lapansi, kuphatikizapo nyumbu zoposa 1 miliyoni, mbidzi 72,000, ndi c.350,000 Thompson ndi Grant mbawala.

Kukhulupirika

Malowa adalembedwa pansi pa chikhalidwe (vii), (viii), (ix), ndi (x) mu 1979 komanso pansi pa chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe (iv) mu 2010. Choncho, mawu a kukhulupirika amasonyeza kukhulupirika kwa zinthu zachilengedwe pa tsiku la zolembedwa mu 1979 komanso zachikhalidwe mu 2010.

Ponena za makhalidwe achilengedwe, udzu ndi nkhalango za malowa zimathandizira nyama zazikulu kwambiri, makamaka zosasokonezedwa ndi kulima panthawi yolembedwa. Mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana a malowa sanakhudzidwe ndi chitukuko kapena ulimi wokhazikika pa nthawi yolembedwa. Kukhulupirika kwa malowa kumakulitsidwanso chifukwa chokhala gawo la chilengedwe cha Serengeti-Mara. Katunduyo akugwirizana Malo osungirako zachilengedwe a Serengeti (1,476,300 ha), yomwe ilinso pa List of World Heritage List monga katundu wachilengedwe. Kulumikizana mkati ndi pakati pa malowa ndi malo oyandikana nawo, kudzera m'makonde a nyama zakuthengo, ndikofunikira kuteteza kusamuka kwa nyama. Palibe kusaka kololedwa m'dera la Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA), koma kusaka nyama zakuthengo kukuwopseza mosalekeza, kumafuna kulondera koyenera komanso kukakamiza anthu kuti azitsatira. Mitundu yowononga ndi gwero la nkhawa mosalekeza, zomwe zimafunikira kuwunika kopitilira muyeso komanso kuchitapo kanthu kothandiza ngati zizindikirika. Kuchulukirachulukira kwa zokopa alendo kulinso ndi nkhawa, kuphatikizira zovuta zomwe zingachitike chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa alendo, zomangamanga zatsopano, magalimoto, kasamalidwe ka zinyalala, kusokonekera kwa nyama zakuthengo, komanso kuthekera kobweretsa zamoyo zowononga.

Malowa ali ndi malo odyetserako ziweto kwa abusa amtundu wa Maasai omwe amangoyendayenda. Pa nthawi yolemba zimenezi, Amasai pafupifupi 20,000 ankakhala pamalowa, ndipo ziweto zokwana 275,000 zomwe zinkaonedwa kuti n’zokwanira m’derali. Palibe ulimi wokhazikika womwe umaloledwa panyumbapo. Kuchulukirachulukira kwa anthu amtundu wa Maasai ndi kuchuluka kwa ng'ombe kuyenera kukhala kolingana ndi momwe malowo alili, komanso kuchuluka kwa malo okhala, kudyetserako ziweto m'derali, ndi kukwera kwaulimi kumasokoneza chikhalidwe chawo komanso chikhalidwe chawo. Munalibe anthu okhala ku Ngorongoro ndi Empakai Craters kapena nkhalango pa nthawi yolembedwa mu 1979.

Malowa akuphatikiza zotsalira zodziwika bwino zamabwinja komanso madera omwe ali ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kopezeka m'mabwinja am'mabwinja komwe kungathe kupezedwa. Komabe, kukhulupirika kwa zinthu zakale zofukulidwa m'mabwinja komanso malo okhudzidwa kwambiri, pamlingo wina, ali pachiwopsezo ndipo motero amakhala pachiwopsezo chifukwa chosowa kukhazikitsidwa kwachitetezo chokhudzana ndi maulamuliro odyetserako ziweto komanso kuchokera pakufikira komwe akufuna komanso zochitika zokhudzana ndi alendo ku Laetoli. ndi Olduvai Gorge.

lodalirika

Nthawi zambiri, kudalirika kwa malo osungiramo zinthu zakale sikukayikitsa; komabe, poganizira za chikhalidwe cha malo osungiramo zinthu zakale, malo osungiramo zinthu zakale ayenera kukhala osasokonezedwa (kupatulapo zochitika zachilengedwe). Monga dossier yosankhidwa ilibe chidziwitso chokwanira pamasamba ambiri kuti afotokoze madera awo otalikirapo kapena madera omwe amakhudzidwa ndi zakale kapena zitsimikizo zokwanira malinga ndi kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake. kapena ng'ombe zodyetserako ziweto, zowona zake ndizowopsa.

Chitetezo ndi kasamalidwe zofunika

Ngorongoro Conservation Area Ordinance ya 1959 ndiye lamulo loyamba loteteza malowa. Malowa amayendetsedwa ndi Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority (NCAA). Division of Antiquities ili ndi udindo woyang'anira ndi kuteteza zida za paleo-anthropological mkati mwa Ngorongoro Conservation Area. Chigwirizano chogwirizana chiyenera kukhazikitsidwa ndi kusungidwa kuti akhazikitse mgwirizano pakati pa mabungwe awiriwa.

Kasamalidwe ka katundu kumayendetsedwa ndi General Management Plan. Panopa, zolinga zazikulu za kasamalidwe ka malowa ndi kuteteza zachilengedwe za malowa, kuteteza zofuna za abusa a mtundu wa Maasai, ndi kulimbikitsa zokopa alendo. Dongosolo loyang'anira ndi Dongosolo Loyang'anira liyenera kukulitsidwa kuti liphatikize njira yophatikizika ya chikhalidwe ndi chilengedwe, kubweretsa zosowa za chilengedwe ndi zolinga zachikhalidwe kuti tikwaniritse njira yokhazikika yosungira Phindu Labwino Kwambiri Padziko Lonse la malowo, kuphatikiza kasamalidwe ka udzu ndi zinthu zakale zokumbidwa pansi. ndi kulimbikitsa chidziwitso cha chilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe. Dongosololi liyenera kukulitsa kasamalidwe ka zikhalidwe za chikhalidwe kupitilira nkhani za chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso kuthetsa mikangano ya anthu ndi nyama zakutchire ku zolemba, kusungirako, ndi kasamalidwe kazinthu zachikhalidwe komanso kufufuza za kuthekera kwa malo ochulukirapo m'mabwinja akale.

NCAA iyenera kukhala ndi luso komanso luso lapadera kuti iwonetsetse kuti kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kankebundunkenkendumwejojojojojojojojo media jinsijiji wošoji Nguwe ngu Nguwe wutalisejoron | NCAA ikufunikanso kuwonetsetsa kuti ogwira ntchito ali ndi luso lachilengedwe komanso chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe kuti akwaniritse njira zowonongeka bwino, zogwirizanitsa, komanso zogwira ntchito zotetezera, kuphatikizapo zokopa alendo, mwayi, ndi kukonza zomangamanga.

Kumvetsetsa bwino za mphamvu za malo kuti zigwirizane ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa anthu ndi kudyetsera ziweto kumafunika, potengera zosowa za Amasai komanso kuwunika momwe chiwerengero cha anthu chimakhudzira chilengedwe ndi zofukulidwa zakale za malo. Njira yomwe bungwe la NCAA, atsogoleri amdera la Maasai, komanso anthu ena onse ogwira nawo ntchito likufunika kuti awonetsetse kuti kuchuluka kwa anthu komanso kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zinthu zikugwirizana ndi chitetezo cha chilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe chawo, kuphatikizapo zokhudzana ndi kudyetserako ziweto komanso kasamalidwe ka udzu. , ndi kupewa mikangano ya anthu ndi nyama zakutchire. Kutengapo gawo mwachangu kwa anthu omwe akukhala nawo pakupanga zisankho ndikofunikira, kuphatikiza kukhazikitsa njira zogawana phindu kuti alimbikitse kudzimva kwa eni ake ndi udindo wawo wosamalira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zachilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe cha malowo.

Njira zonse zokopa alendo pa malowa ndizofunikira kwa nthawi yayitali kuti ziwongolere kagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa anthu ndi njira zowonetsera malowo komanso kuika patsogolo ubwino wa zokopa alendo osati kuchuluka kwa alendo ndi malo oyendera alendo. Kufikira pamagalimoto kupita ku crater ndi madera ena otchuka a malowa kumafuna malire omveka bwino kuti ateteze luso la malowo ndikuwonetsetsa kuti chilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe sichikusokonekera mosayenera. Zotukuka ndi zomangamanga zokopa alendo kapena kasamalidwe ka malo omwe amasokoneza chikhalidwe chake ndi chikhalidwe chake siziyenera kuloledwa.

Poganizira za ubale wofunikira, mwachilengedwe malowa ndi malo oyandikana nawo, ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa mgwirizano wogwira mtima komanso wopitilira pakati pa malowo, Serengeti National Park, ndi madera ena a Serengeti-Mara ecosystem kuti atsimikizire kulumikizana kwakusamuka kwa nyama zakuthengo ndikugwirizanitsa kasamalidwe. Zolinga zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zokopa alendo, kasamalidwe ka malo, ndi chitukuko chokhazikika.